Ideal Gas Entropy Change Calculator Ideal Gas Entropy Change Calculator Calculate the change in entropy for an ideal gas using: \[ \Delta S = n\, C_p \ln\left(\frac{T_2}{T_1}\right) – n\, R \ln\left(\frac{P_2}{P_1}\right) \] * Enter the number of moles, initial and final temperatures (K), and pressures (in atm). Select the gas type. Step 1: Enter Conditions […]
Read MoreVapour Pressure Calculator Calculate the vapour pressure at a different temperature using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation: \[ \ln\left(\frac{P_2}{P_1}\right) = -\frac{\Delta H_{vap}}{R}\left(\frac{1}{T_2} – \frac{1}{T_1}\right) \] * Enter the reference vapour pressure \( P_1 \), reference temperature \( T_1 \) (K), enthalpy of vaporization \( \Delta H_{vap} \) (J/mol), and the new temperature \( T_2 \) (K). Step […]
Read MoreFirst-Order Reaction Concentration Calculator First-Order Reaction Concentration Calculator Calculate the concentration of a species in a first-order reaction using: \[ [A]_t = [A]_0 \, e^{-kt} \] * Enter the initial concentration, rate constant, and time. Step 1: Enter Reaction Parameters Initial Concentration, \( [A]_0 \) (mol/L): Example: 0.1 M Rate Constant, \( k \) (s⁻¹): […]
Read MoreBohr Radius Calculator Bohr Radius Calculator Calculate the Bohr radius of a hydrogen-like atom using: \[ a = \frac{a_0}{Z} \] where \(a_0 \approx 0.529 \times 10^{-10}\) m. * Enter the effective nuclear charge \( Z \). Step 1: Enter Atomic Information Effective Nuclear Charge, \( Z \): Example: 1 for hydrogen, 2 for He⁺, etc. […]
Read MoreDiamagnetic Moment of an Atom Calculator Diamagnetic Moment of an Atom Calculator Calculate the diamagnetic moment of an atom using the formula: \[ \mu_d = -\frac{e^2}{6m_e}\langle r^2 \rangle B \] * Enter the mean square radius ⟨r²⟩ (in m²) and the applied magnetic field \( B \) (in Tesla). Step 1: Enter Parameters Mean Square […]
Read MoreRydberg Formula Calculator for Uni-electronic Species Rydberg Formula Calculator for Uni-electronic Species Calculate the wavelength of light emitted by a hydrogen-like (uni-electronic) species using: \[ \frac{1}{\lambda} = R \, Z^2 \left(\frac{1}{n_1^2} – \frac{1}{n_2^2}\right) \] * Enter the atomic number (Z), lower energy level (n₁), and higher energy level (n₂) with n₂ > n₁. Step 1: […]
Read MorepH of Indicator Calculator pH of Indicator Calculator Calculate the pH of an indicator solution using the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation: \[ \text{pH} = \text{p}K_{in} + \log\left(\frac{[\text{In}^-]}{[\text{HIn}]}\right) \] * Enter the indicator’s pK₍in₎ and the ratio [In⁻]/[HIn]. Step 1: Enter Indicator Parameters Indicator pKin: Example: 7.00 (typical for many indicators) Ratio \([\text{In}^-]/[\text{HIn}]\): Example: 1 (equal amounts give […]
Read MorepH of Acid Buffer Calculator pH of Acid Buffer Calculator Calculate the pH of an acid buffer solution using the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation: \[ \text{pH} = \text{p}K_a + \log\left(\frac{[\text{A}^-]}{[\text{HA}]}\right) \] * Enter the pKₐ of the acid, the concentration of the conjugate base [A⁻] (mol/L), and the concentration of the acid [HA] (mol/L). Step 1: Enter […]
Read MorepH of Salt of Weak Acid and Weak Base Calculator pH of Salt of Weak Acid and Weak Base Calculator Estimate the pH of a solution containing a salt formed from a weak acid and a weak base. The pH is approximated by: \[ \text{pH} = 7 + \frac{\text{p}K_a – \text{p}K_b}{2} \] * Enter the […]
Read MorepH of Salt of Weak Base and Strong Acid Calculator pH of Salt of Weak Base and Strong Acid Calculator This calculator estimates the pH of a solution containing a salt formed from a weak base and a strong acid. It uses the approximation: \[ \text{pH} = \frac{\mathrm{p}K_a – \log_{10}(C)}{2} \] * Enter the salt […]
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