Convert your speed from meters per second to kilometers per hour.
* Enter speed in m/sec.
Convert molarity (mol/L) to molality (mol/kg) using:
\[
m = \frac{M \times 1000}{\rho \times 1000 – M \times M_s}
\]
* Enter the solution’s molarity, density (in g/mL), and the molar mass of the solute (g/mol).
Example: 1 mol/L
Example: 1 g/mL (approximate density of water)
Example: 58.44 g/mol (for NaCl)
Convert a decimal number into its percentage equivalent.
For example, converting 0.75: $$0.75 \times 100 = 75\%.$$
Enter a decimal value (e.g., 0.75)
Convert a weight value from one unit to another.
* Enter the weight value and select the units.
Prepare solution recipes, convert concentration units, and perform dilution/mixing calculations.
Total Mass (g)
0.00
Total Moles
0.00
Molarity (M)
0.00
Converted Concentration:
0.00
Volume of Stock Required (V₁, L):
0.00
Diluent Required (L):
0.00
Convert electric motor horsepower (HP) to amps.
For a single-phase motor: \( I = \frac{HP \times 746}{V \times \eta} \)
For a three-phase motor: \( I = \frac{HP \times 746}{\sqrt{3} \times V \times \eta} \)
* Enter the motor HP, supply voltage (V), and efficiency (%). Choose the motor type.
Example: 10 HP
Example: 230 V
Example: 90% (enter 90)
This tool estimates key metrics (peak voltage, ripple, etc.) for a rectifier + capacitor filter.
$$ V_{\text{peak}} = \sqrt{2}\,V_{\mathrm{rms}} \;-\; \text{(diode drops)}, \quad \Delta V \approx \frac{I_{\mathrm{load}}}{f_{\text{rect}}\times C}. $$
Example: 12 V AC (transformer secondary).
Usually 50 or 60 Hz.
Bridge often uses 2 diode drops; half-wave uses 1, etc.
E.g., 1.4 V total for a bridge (two diodes), 0.7 V for single diode path.
This affects discharge rate and ripple.
Larger values reduce ripple but cost more / physically bigger.
Approx. series resistance in the secondary windings.
Equivalent Series Resistance. Affects ripple + peak voltage.
Enter 0 if no regulator. Otherwise, e.g. 5 V or 12 V.
Overhead needed by a linear regulator (e.g. 2 V for older types, 0.5 V for LDOs, etc.).
An AC to DC conversion calculator helps estimate the DC output voltage and ripple for a given AC input, rectifier type, filter capacitor, load current, and other parameters. This is useful in designing or analyzing power supplies, where you want to know the approximate DC level and how much ripple to expect.
Below, we describe the key inputs to such a calculator and how it typically computes the resultant DC output.
The first step is to compute the approximate peak of the AC waveform before filtering, minus diode drops. For a sinusoidal AC:
But real diodes cause a drop:
So an approximate formula for the peak voltage after the diodes is:
Next, the calculator estimates the ripple voltage. For a capacitor-input filter, a common rough approximation is:
where:
The approximate minimum voltage after the capacitor is:
The average or approximate DC level can be considered around:
though in reality the wave shape can be slightly more complex.
If the user indicates they want a regulated DC output (e.g., a linear regulator that needs some headroom), the calculator might:
Assume the following inputs:
1) Calculate Peak Minus Diode Drops:
2) Calculate Ripple Frequency and Estimated Ripple:
So the capacitor might drop around $3.79\,\mathrm{V}$ between peaks at 1 A load.
3) Estimate the Output Voltage Range:
The approximate DC average is about $13.7\,\mathrm{V}$, with a ripple down to about $11.8\,\mathrm{V}$ during each cycle. If that’s acceptable for your application (e.g., powering a circuit that can handle 11.8–15.6 V), you might be fine. Otherwise, you might increase $C$, or consider a regulator to stabilize it.
With an AC to DC conversion calculator, you quickly see how changes in load current, capacitor size, or diode drops affect the final DC level and ripple. This helps engineers or hobbyists design more robust and efficient power supplies.
Convert temperature from Fahrenheit to Celsius using: \[ C = \frac{5}{9}(F – 32) \]
* Enter the temperature in Fahrenheit.
Convert Celsius to Kelvin using the formula: $$ K = C + 273.15 $$
Convert temperature from Celsius to Fahrenheit.
When you visit our website, it may store information through your browser from specific services, usually in the form of cookies. Here you can change your Privacy preferences. It is worth noting that blocking some types of cookies may impact your experience on our website and the services we are able to offer.