Calorie & Macro Calculator Guide: Set a Calorie Target and Convert It Into Protein, Fat, and Carbohydrate
A calorie-and-macro calculator should solve two different problems in sequence. First, it estimates how much energy the user intends to consume. Second, it decides how that energy will be distributed among protein, fat, and carbohydrate.
Those questions should not be reversed. A macro percentage such as 40% carbohydrate, 30% protein, and 30% fat does not tell the calculator how many grams to recommend until a total calorie target has already been established.
For that reason, this calculator begins with estimated total daily energy expenditure. Use the BMR & TDEE Calculator when a maintenance estimate has not already been calculated.
Maintenance intake is conceptually the amount of dietary energy that approximately matches total energy expenditure over time. If intake is persistently below actual expenditure, body energy stores generally decline. If intake is persistently above expenditure, body energy stores generally increase.
Weight change is not perfectly linear, however. NIDDK’s Body Weight Planner uses a dynamic physiological model because the body adapts as weight and calorie intake change. NIDDK specifically cautions against relying on the old static 3,500-calories-per-pound rule for long-term predictions because energy expenditure changes as body weight changes.
The calculator should therefore treat a calorie deficit or surplus as a starting planning adjustment rather than a guarantee of a precise weekly body-weight change.
Once the calorie target is selected, macronutrients can be converted between calories and grams. Protein provides approximately 4 kilocalories per gram, carbohydrate approximately 4 kilocalories per gram, and fat approximately 9 kilocalories per gram.
The National Academies’ Dietary Reference Intake framework provides broad Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges for adults: approximately 45% to 65% of energy from carbohydrate, 20% to 35% from fat, and 10% to 35% from protein. These ranges are intended as population-level dietary guidance rather than one mandatory macro split for every person.
That means a calculator should not claim that a 40/30/30, 50/25/25, or any other fixed macro ratio is inherently optimal. Different eating patterns can fall within nutritionally reasonable ranges while fitting different preferences, training loads, cultures, medical circumstances, and adherence patterns.
Protein is also often more useful when specified in grams relative to body size or another goal rather than as a fixed percentage of calories. Someone eating 1,700 calories and someone eating 3,000 calories can have very different protein requirements even if both select 25% protein.
For that reason, this calculator can allow protein and fat to be set first in grams or as user-selected percentages, then allocate the remaining energy to carbohydrate. The dedicated Protein Intake Calculator should handle more detailed protein-specific planning.
The output should be treated as a flexible nutritional framework—not a diagnosis, therapeutic diet, or guarantee of body-weight change.
How to Calculate Daily Calories and Macros From TDEE Without Using Arbitrary Percentages
- Enter or calculate your estimated TDEE: Use the BMR & TDEE Calculator if you do not already have an estimated maintenance-energy baseline.
- Choose maintenance, deficit, or surplus mode: Maintenance uses estimated TDEE directly. Deficit and surplus modes modify that starting estimate rather than inventing an independent calorie target.
- Choose a conservative calorie adjustment: Avoid extreme deficits or surpluses designed only to produce rapid predicted weight change.
- Set protein: Enter protein directly in grams when you have a specific target, or use the calculator’s general macro allocation mode.
- Set fat: Choose a reasonable fat target or percentage, keeping the overall nutritional pattern in mind rather than minimizing fat indiscriminately.
- Calculate carbohydrate from remaining calories: After protein and fat are allocated, remaining energy can be converted into carbohydrate grams.
- Review macro percentages: Use the percentages as a summary of the final plan rather than assuming one specific ratio is inherently ideal.
- Review the calorie target over time: If body weight or activity changes substantially, recalculate TDEE and adjust the plan rather than keeping the original target permanently.
Formula and variables
The calculator first establishes the intended daily energy intake. Protein and fat are then assigned either by grams or percentages. Because protein and carbohydrate provide approximately 4 kcal per gram and fat approximately 9 kcal per gram, carbohydrate can be calculated from the calories remaining after protein and fat are allocated.
Calorie Target = Estimated TDEE + Goal Adjustment; Protein kcal = Protein grams × 4; Fat kcal = Fat grams × 9; Carbohydrate grams = (Calorie Target − Protein kcal − Fat kcal) ÷ 4- TDEE — Estimated total daily energy expenditure
- The estimated daily energy requirement used as the maintenance baseline.
- ΔE — Calorie adjustment
- The user-selected increase or decrease from estimated maintenance intake.
- CT — Calorie target
- The planned average daily energy intake after applying the selected goal adjustment.
- P — Protein grams
- The planned daily protein intake in grams.
- F — Fat grams
- The planned daily fat intake in grams.
- C — Carbohydrate grams
- The carbohydrate amount calculated from the remaining energy after protein and fat are assigned.
Scenario 1: 2,400-Calorie Maintenance Target With Protein and Fat Set First
An adult has an estimated TDEE of 2,400 kcal per day and wants to maintain body weight. The user chooses 150 g of protein and 80 g of fat, with the remaining calories allocated to carbohydrate.
- Estimated TDEE
- 2,400 kcal/day
- Goal
- Maintenance
- Protein
- 150 g/day
- Fat
- 80 g/day
- Protein calories = 150 × 4 = 600 kcal.
- Fat calories = 80 × 9 = 720 kcal.
- Protein + fat = 1,320 kcal.
- Remaining energy = 2,400 − 1,320 = 1,080 kcal.
- Carbohydrate = 1,080 ÷ 4 = 270 g.
- Protein provides 25% of total energy.
- Fat provides 30% of total energy.
- Carbohydrate provides 45% of total energy.
Result: The modeled maintenance plan is approximately 150 g protein, 80 g fat, and 270 g carbohydrate at 2,400 kcal per day.
The resulting distribution is approximately 25% protein, 30% fat, and 45% carbohydrate. It falls within the broad adult AMDR ranges, but that does not make it uniquely superior to other nutritionally adequate distributions.
Understanding your results
Estimated calorie target
This is the planned average energy intake under the selected maintenance, deficit, or surplus assumption.
It is built from estimated TDEE and therefore inherits the uncertainty of the TDEE estimate.
Protein grams
This is the selected or calculated amount of daily protein.
Protein needs can vary with body size, activity, life stage, training, and medical circumstances.
Fat grams
This represents the amount of dietary fat in the macro plan.
Fat provides more energy per gram than protein or carbohydrate, so relatively small gram changes can noticeably change total calories.
Carbohydrate grams
This is the energy remaining after protein and fat are allocated under the selected calculation method.
It can change substantially when protein, fat, or total calories change.
Macro percentages
This shows what percentage of total dietary energy comes from each macronutrient.
Percentages are descriptive outputs rather than evidence that the chosen ratio is individually optimal.
Assumptions
- The calorie target is intended primarily for adults.
- TDEE has been estimated reasonably from current body size and activity.
- The user is not pregnant or breastfeeding.
- The user does not have a medical condition requiring a prescribed therapeutic diet.
- Protein and carbohydrate are converted using approximately 4 kcal per gram.
- Fat is converted using approximately 9 kcal per gram.
- The model treats daily intake as an average rather than requiring identical intake every day.
- The selected deficit or surplus is a planning assumption rather than a guaranteed rate of body-weight change.
- Body weight and TDEE are recalculated when they change materially.
Limitations
- Estimated TDEE is not a direct measurement of daily energy expenditure.
- Actual energy expenditure can differ from the estimate because of activity, body composition, physiology, measurement error, and other factors.
- NIDDK uses a dynamic model for body-weight change because calorie requirements and expenditure change as body weight changes.
- The calculator should not use the static 3,500-calorie-per-pound rule as a guaranteed long-term weight-loss prediction.
- NIDDK’s Body Weight Planner is designed for adults and explicitly excludes people younger than 18 and people who are pregnant or breastfeeding.
- The National Academies’ AMDRs are broad population reference ranges rather than individualized macro prescriptions.
- The adult AMDR is approximately 45–65% carbohydrate, 20–35% fat, and 10–35% protein.
- A macro plan can technically fit percentage targets while still being nutritionally poor if food quality, fiber, micronutrients, essential fatty acids, or other dietary factors are inadequate.
- The calculator does not evaluate vitamin, mineral, fiber, sodium, added-sugar, saturated-fat, or other nutrient intake comprehensively.
- Clinical conditions such as kidney disease, liver disease, diabetes, gastrointestinal disorders, eating disorders, or metabolic disease can require individualized dietary guidance.
- Athletic nutrition needs can vary with training volume, competition schedule, recovery demands, and sport.
- Children and adolescents require energy and nutrients for growth and should not use this adult calculator as a clinical nutrition prescription.
Common mistakes
- Starting with arbitrary macro percentages before establishing total calories.
- Treating TDEE as a measured maintenance requirement.
- Assuming one macro ratio is optimal for everyone.
- Using a very large calorie deficit to force rapid projected weight loss.
- Using a very large calorie surplus to force rapid projected weight gain.
- Assuming the same calorie target remains appropriate after substantial weight change.
- Counting exercise calories twice after already using an activity-adjusted TDEE.
- Setting protein from percentage alone without considering body size.
- Setting fat extremely low simply to create more carbohydrate calories.
- Forgetting that fat contains about 9 kcal per gram while protein and carbohydrate contain about 4.
- Assuming carbohydrate automatically causes weight gain independent of total energy intake.
- Assuming dietary fat automatically causes body-fat gain independent of total energy intake.
- Treating macro targets as more important than overall dietary quality and adequacy.
Practical use cases
Scenario 2: Maintenance planning
A user wants a consistent nutrition structure without intentionally gaining or losing body weight.
The calculator uses estimated TDEE as the calorie target and distributes that energy among the chosen macros.
Scenario 3: Gradual calorie deficit
A user intentionally selects a modest reduction from estimated maintenance intake.
The calculator lowers total calories and recalculates macros without promising a precise amount of weekly weight loss.
Scenario 4: Modest calorie surplus
A resistance-training user wants additional energy available for training and weight gain.
A modest surplus can be modeled while keeping protein and other macronutrients visible.
Scenario 5: Higher protein with calories held constant
The total calorie target remains 2,200 kcal.
Increasing protein while holding fat constant reduces the calories remaining for carbohydrate.
Scenario 6: Higher carbohydrate for higher training volume
The athlete keeps protein fixed and reduces some discretionary fat allocation while remaining within an appropriate nutritional framework.
The carbohydrate remainder rises without changing total calories.
Planning and decision guide
Start from estimated maintenance energy
Calorie planning requires an energy baseline.
The BMR & TDEE Calculator estimates resting expenditure and total daily expenditure before any weight-change adjustment is imposed.
Maintenance and weight-change calories are separate outputs
TDEE describes estimated energy expenditure.
A calorie target reflects the user’s chosen planning objective relative to that baseline.
Scenario 7: 2,500 kcal TDEE does not automatically mean 2,000 kcal target
The user may want maintenance rather than weight loss.
The calculator should not silently impose a 500-calorie deficit simply because weight-loss calculators commonly do so.
A calorie deficit is an energy gap, not a guaranteed weight-loss rate
NIDDK’s Body Weight Planner uses a dynamic model because metabolism and energy requirements adapt as weight changes.
The traditional static calories-per-pound rule overpredicts long-term weight change.
Scenario 8: 500-calorie deficit
The initial arithmetic produces a 500 kcal/day difference from estimated maintenance.
The resulting weight trajectory cannot be predicted accurately by multiplying the deficit indefinitely by a fixed conversion factor.
Weight-loss programs should use realistic goals
NIDDK recommends realistic rather than extreme weight-loss expectations and describes an initial loss of about 5% to 10% of starting weight over six months as a commonly recommended goal in structured programs.
The calculator should therefore avoid language promising dramatic short-term weight change.
Scenario 9: “Lose 30 pounds in 30 days”
A calculator should not generate or endorse an extreme calorie target merely because the arithmetic can produce one.
NIDDK specifically identifies unrealistic rapid-loss promises as a warning sign in weight-loss programs.
Very low calorie targets require caution
NIDDK’s Diabetes Prevention Program materials state that eating less than 1,200 kcal/day is not advised within that program context.
Rather than treating 1,200 kcal as a universal medical floor, the calculator should flag unusually low adult calorie targets for professional review.
Do not create a universal minimum-calorie rule from one program
Energy needs differ substantially among adults.
A calculator should use low-intake warnings rather than claim one threshold is medically appropriate for every body size and circumstance.
Calorie targets should be recalculated as body weight changes
A smaller or larger body can have different energy needs.
A calorie target established months earlier can become stale after substantial weight change.
Scenario 10: 20-pound loss
The original TDEE was calculated at the higher body weight.
Recalculating gives a more appropriate current baseline before selecting the next calorie target.
Protein, carbohydrate, and fat all contribute dietary energy
Standard nutrition calculations use approximately 4 kcal per gram for protein, 4 kcal per gram for carbohydrate, and 9 kcal per gram for fat.
These conversion factors make gram-level macro calculations possible.
Scenario 11: Why 10 grams of fat affects calories more than 10 grams of carbohydrate
Ten grams of fat contributes approximately 90 kcal.
Ten grams of carbohydrate contributes approximately 40 kcal.
The AMDR provides broad ranges rather than one optimal split
For adults, the National Academies list an AMDR of 45–65% of energy from carbohydrate, 20–35% from fat, and 10–35% from protein.
The ranges are intentionally broad because nutritionally adequate diets can use different macronutrient distributions.
AMDR should be treated as a reference layer
A calculator can warn when a macro plan falls substantially outside standard adult reference ranges.
It should not automatically prevent every user from entering a different distribution because therapeutic, athletic, cultural, and other specialized diets can differ.
Scenario 12: 40% carbohydrate
The user-selected plan falls below the standard adult carbohydrate AMDR.
The calculator can flag that fact without diagnosing the diet as unsafe from one number alone.
Macro percentages must sum to approximately 100%
When percentage mode is used, protein, fat, and carbohydrate percentages should account for all modeled macro energy.
Rounding can produce totals such as 99.9% or 100.1% without representing a meaningful error.
Gram-based mode is often more useful than percentage mode
Protein and sometimes fat can be easier to plan as absolute amounts.
Carbohydrate can then fill the remaining calorie allowance.
Scenario 13: Fixed protein at two calorie levels
The user keeps protein at 160 g while moving from 2,000 to 2,600 kcal.
Protein percentage falls even though the absolute protein intake remains unchanged.
The Protein Intake Calculator should establish detailed protein targets
Protein planning can depend on body weight, resistance training, endurance activity, aging, and energy balance.
The Protein Intake Calculator should answer that question before this calculator distributes remaining calories.
Protein percentage alone can be misleading
Thirty percent of a 1,400-calorie diet is very different in grams from 30% of a 3,000-calorie diet.
Displaying both grams and percentages prevents that ambiguity.
Dietary fat should not be driven toward zero
The adult AMDR for total fat is 20–35% of energy.
Fat contributes essential fatty acids and supports absorption and dietary delivery of fat-soluble nutrients, among other functions.
Scenario 14: 10% fat plan
The arithmetic can be calculated.
The calculator should flag that the result falls below the standard adult AMDR rather than presenting it as an ordinary default.
Carbohydrate often becomes the remainder in gram-first planning
Once total calories, protein, and fat are specified, carbohydrate can be derived from the remaining energy.
This makes the calculation internally consistent.
Scenario 15: Raise fat while keeping calories and protein fixed
More calories are assigned to fat.
Carbohydrate grams must fall because total energy has not changed.
Macro targets should not imply food quality
Two diets can contain identical calories and macro grams while differing dramatically in fiber, micronutrients, food processing, sodium, added sugars, and food variety.
Macro arithmetic is therefore only one layer of nutritional planning.
Scenario 16: Same macros, different foods
Both eating patterns produce 2,200 kcal with identical protein, fat, and carbohydrate.
Their fiber, vitamins, minerals, sodium, and overall dietary quality can still differ substantially.
Fiber belongs inside carbohydrate but deserves separate attention
The macro calculator can report total carbohydrate grams.
It should not imply that every gram of carbohydrate is nutritionally interchangeable.
Performance nutrition can justify different macro emphasis
High-volume endurance training can require substantial carbohydrate availability.
Strength-focused users may prioritize adequate protein while still maintaining sufficient energy and carbohydrate for training.
One activity label does not determine a sports diet
Training type, duration, intensity, competition schedule, recovery, and body-size goals can all matter.
The generic calculator should remain a planning tool rather than a sports-diet prescription.
Calorie surplus does not guarantee muscle gain
Additional dietary energy can support weight gain.
How much of that gain is lean versus fat depends on training, genetics, protein intake, starting status, surplus size, and other factors.
Scenario 17: 500 kcal surplus without resistance training
The calculator can estimate the intake target.
It cannot promise that the additional body mass will consist primarily of muscle.
Calorie deficit does not target a specific body area
NIDDK identifies promises of losing weight from one specific body area as a warning sign in weight-loss programs.
The calculator should not claim that a macro split will selectively remove abdominal, thigh, or other localized fat.
Actual intake tracking contains measurement error
Food labels, serving sizes, restaurant estimates, cooking methods, and user logging can all introduce uncertainty.
A mathematically precise target does not mean actual intake is known to the nearest calorie.
Scenario 18: 2,000-calorie logged intake
The food diary totals exactly 2,000 kcal.
Actual energy consumed can differ because portions and food composition are not measured perfectly.
Use body-weight trends as feedback rather than as daily judgment
NIDDK emphasizes monitoring progress over time in structured weight-management programs.
Several weeks of consistent intake and weight data are more informative than reacting to one day of scale movement.
Pregnancy and breastfeeding should be excluded from generic deficit or surplus modes
NIDDK’s Body Weight Planner explicitly excludes pregnant and breastfeeding users.
Energy requirements during these life stages require pregnancy- or lactation-specific guidance.
Children should not use an adult macro deficit calculator
Children and adolescents require energy and nutrients for growth and development.
Adult weight-management algorithms should not be applied as pediatric dietary prescriptions.
Eating disorders require specialized care
Calorie and macro tracking can be inappropriate or harmful for some people with current or previous eating disorders.
The calculator cannot determine whether tracking is clinically appropriate for an individual.
Medical nutrition therapy belongs outside the generic calculator
Kidney disease, liver disease, diabetes treated with medications, gastrointestinal disease, metabolic disorders, and other conditions can require individualized nutrient targets.
The calculator should not overwrite a clinician- or dietitian-prescribed diet.
The strongest result shows the assumptions behind the numbers
Display estimated TDEE, calorie adjustment, final target, protein grams, fat grams, carbohydrate grams, macro percentages, and any AMDR flags.
This makes the plan auditable rather than returning unexplained macro targets.
Frequently asked questions
What is a calorie macro calculator?
It estimates a daily calorie target and distributes that energy among protein, fat, and carbohydrate.
How do I calculate my macros?
Establish total calories first, assign protein and fat or choose macro percentages, then calculate the grams corresponding to each macronutrient.
How many calories are in one gram of protein?
Protein is commonly calculated at approximately 4 kcal per gram.
How many calories are in one gram of carbohydrate?
Carbohydrate is commonly calculated at approximately 4 kcal per gram.
How many calories are in one gram of fat?
Fat is commonly calculated at approximately 9 kcal per gram.
What macros should I eat?
There is no one optimal macro split for every adult. General adult reference ranges are broad, and individual targets depend on total energy, body size, activity, preferences, goals, and health circumstances.
What are the adult AMDR ranges?
The National Academies list approximately 45–65% of energy from carbohydrate, 20–35% from fat, and 10–35% from protein for adults.
Is 40/30/30 the best macro split?
No universal evidence establishes one fixed 40/30/30 ratio as optimal for every person.
Should I calculate protein by percentage or grams?
Grams can often be more informative because percentage changes automatically when total calories change. Use the Protein Intake Calculator for detailed protein planning.
How do I calculate carbohydrate after protein and fat?
Subtract protein calories and fat calories from total calories, then divide the remaining calories by four.
What is TDEE?
TDEE is estimated total daily energy expenditure. It provides the maintenance-energy baseline used by this calculator.
How do I calculate my TDEE?
Use the BMR & TDEE Calculator to estimate resting expenditure and daily activity-adjusted expenditure.
Are maintenance calories exact?
No. They are an estimate because actual energy expenditure varies among individuals and over time.
How many calories should I eat to lose weight?
A reduced-calorie target can be modeled from estimated maintenance intake, but the appropriate deficit depends on individual circumstances and should not be treated as a guaranteed rate of weight loss.
Does a 500-calorie deficit mean exactly one pound per week?
No. NIDDK explains that long-term body-weight change is dynamic and the old static 3,500-calorie-per-pound rule overstates long-term predictability.
How fast should I lose weight?
NIDDK emphasizes realistic, sustainable goals rather than extreme rapid weight-loss promises. Structured programs often begin with goals such as losing 5% to 10% of starting weight over about six months.
Is 1,200 calories safe for everyone?
No universal calorie target is appropriate for everyone. NIDDK’s Diabetes Prevention Program materials advise against less than 1,200 kcal/day in that specific program context, but individual needs vary.
How many calories should I eat to gain weight?
A calorie surplus can be modeled above estimated TDEE, but the appropriate amount depends on body size, activity, training, health, and how quickly weight gain is intended.
Does a calorie surplus guarantee muscle gain?
No. Training, protein intake, genetics, recovery, starting status, and surplus size affect how gained weight is distributed.
Does eating carbohydrates cause fat gain?
Body-weight change is influenced strongly by overall energy balance. Carbohydrate has important nutritional and performance roles and should not be treated as inherently fattening from the macro calculation alone.
Does eating fat make me gain body fat?
Dietary fat is energy dense, but body-fat change depends on overall energy balance and other factors rather than the presence of dietary fat alone.
Can I eat more carbs and fewer fats?
Yes within an appropriate dietary framework. The calculator can adjust carbohydrate and fat while keeping calories and protein fixed.
Can I eat more fat and fewer carbs?
Yes, although very low carbohydrate or unusually high fat plans may fall outside standard adult AMDR ranges and can require more individualized interpretation.
Does this calculator include fiber?
Fiber is part of total carbohydrate but should be evaluated separately for dietary quality and adequacy.
Does this calculator calculate sugar?
No. Total carbohydrate and added-sugar quality are separate nutritional questions.
Does this calculator calculate saturated fat?
No. Total fat is calculated here, but saturated-fat intake requires separate dietary-quality analysis.
Do I need the same macros every day?
Not necessarily. Many people plan from average intake over time, and athletes sometimes vary carbohydrate or calories with training load.
Should rest-day calories be lower?
They can be if total activity is meaningfully lower, but there is no requirement that rest-day intake must differ. Weekly energy and training needs also matter.
Should I eat back exercise calories?
Be careful not to double count. If normal exercise is already reflected in the TDEE estimate, adding all exercise calories again can overestimate needs.
Can fitness trackers determine my calorie target?
They can provide activity estimates, but wearable calorie expenditure is still an estimate rather than direct measurement.
Should I recalculate macros after losing weight?
Yes after substantial body-weight or activity changes because estimated energy needs can change.
Can athletes use this calculator?
It can provide a general starting framework, but athletes with high training volume or competition demands may need sport-specific nutrition planning.
Can teenagers use this calorie deficit calculator?
This adult calculator should not be used as a pediatric weight-management prescription because children and adolescents are still growing.
Can I use this during pregnancy?
Generic calorie deficit and macro calculations are not appropriate for pregnancy-specific energy planning. Pregnancy requires life-stage-specific guidance.
Can I use this while breastfeeding?
Breastfeeding changes energy and nutrient requirements, so ordinary adult deficit calculations should not be used without appropriate guidance.
Can I use this if I have diabetes?
A generic macro calculator cannot account for glucose-lowering medications, insulin dosing, kidney function, or individualized carbohydrate planning. Follow clinical guidance when applicable.
Can I use this with kidney disease?
Kidney disease can require individualized protein, electrolyte, fluid, and energy targets. A generic calculator should not replace clinical nutrition therapy.
What if I have an eating disorder history?
Calorie and macro tracking can be inappropriate for some people with current or past eating disorders. Individual professional guidance may be more appropriate.
How accurate is a calorie and macro calculator?
The arithmetic converting calories and grams is exact, but the calorie target is an estimate because TDEE, activity, intake tracking, and body-weight responses are not known perfectly.
Sources and review
- About the Body Weight Planner — National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Accessed 2026-09-01.
- NIH Body Weight Planner — National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Accessed 2026-09-01.
- Choosing a Safe and Successful Weight-loss Program — National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Accessed 2026-09-01.
- Treatment for Overweight and Obesity — National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Accessed 2026-09-01.
- Dietary Reference Intakes — Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges — National Academies / NCBI Bookshelf. Accessed 2026-09-01.
- Dietary Reference Intakes — Guiding Principles for Macronutrient Reference Values — National Academies / NCBI Bookshelf. Accessed 2026-09-01.
- Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy — National Academies / NCBI Bookshelf. Accessed 2026-09-01.
Reviewed 2026-09-01 by Dr Akawak Ejigu, DBA.